托福真經月報 – 2023年11月報

01.托福寫作題型速覽 INTRODUCTION TO TOEFL WRITING QUESTIONS

📝托福寫作2種題型

• 第1題 (Writing Task 1) :整合寫作題型
• 第2題 (Writing Task 2) :學術討論寫作題型

第1題 整合寫作題 Writing Task 1

本題考生將用約3分鐘閱讀一篇文章，再用約2分鐘聽一段教授講課音檔，閱讀題目後在20分鐘內完成寫作，統整聽力中教授講課內容如何回應閱讀中的論點。

建議練習方向為練習閱讀資訊改寫(換句話說)，練習聽力資訊詳實轉述，與練習使用高分模板寫作(推薦克雷英文滿分寫作模板)。

閱讀 (3分鐘) ➤聽⼒ (約2分鐘) ➤閱讀寫作題⽬ ➤寫作 (20分鐘) 建議字數250-300字

第2題 學術討論寫作題 Writing Task 2

本題考生將在10分鐘內，閱讀教授在討論板上提出的問題與兩位同學的回覆後，完成寫作，寫作中須對於討論串有貢獻，並且附理由與舉例提出自己獨特的論點。

建議練習方向為練習快速構思立場，練習如何寫作支持細節來支持立場（推薦克雷英文托福衝刺課），與練習舉出具體事例扣題。

閱讀題⽬與寫作(10分鐘) 建議字數120-150字

02.托福整合寫作真題 TOEFL WRITING TASK 1 QUESTION

整合寫作真題題目(2023年11月真題)

閱讀題目 Reading Passage：

Corn rootworms are one of the most destructive pests of corn, or maize, in the United States. As their name suggests, corn rootworm larvae feed on the roots of corn plants and cause severe damage to the crops. Newly hatched larvae burrow into the soft roots of young corn plants to feed. In order to prevent crop loss, farmers can employ several methods to combat these pests.

The first and by far the most commonly used method of pest control is to apply pesticides to soil in areas that have a history of crop damage. Insecticides such as bifenthrin target corn rootworm eggs and larvae and destroy the entire generation of pests to prevent further reproduction. The chemicals are usually applied by spraying a liquid directly onto the soil before planting new crops. Farmers generally prefer this method because it is not only effective but also easy to implement.

Another effective method is planting corn crops earlier. Rootworm larvae typically hatch in late May or early June with maturation typically occurring in August. When farmers plant corn crops a few weeks earlier into the growing season, young rootworm larvae have difficulty eating the fully mature corn roots, compared to the softer and more vulnerable roots of younger plants. This way, farmers can avoid a majority of root damage from larvae and the rootworm larvae soon starve to death.

The final method used by farmers to prevent corn rootworm damage is crop rotation. Crop rotation involves growing different crops in the same field in sequential seasons. For instance, a field might have corn in one season and soybeans in another. This method not only replenishes soil nutrients but also prevents the build-up of pests. Corn rootworm larvae require corn roots for proper growth and maturation. When they hatch in fields without corn, they are deprived of their essential food source and starve.

聽力題目逐字稿 Lecture：

In fact, there are significant limitations in each of the methods mentioned in the reading. So far, researchers have not discovered a particularly good way to deal with the problem of corn rootworms.

First, relying solely on insecticides is not foolproof. There will always be a few pests that survive the application of insecticide. The concern is that the rootworms which survive could build up a tolerance. Genetic mutations can be passed to offspring, which could allow the pests to develop full immunity, that is, they could survive a full dose of the pesticide. This scenario has already been observed in many areas where populations of corn rootworm have become resistant to certain insecticides. Over time, insecticide use will have a limited impact on insect populations.

Second, planting crops earlier in the growing season may seem like a viable solution, but it comes with other risks. Adverse weather conditions such as frost, cold snaps, or snowstorms can cause significant crop damage, possibly even killing the entire field. This would be worse than simply losing a portion of corn plants to rootworms. Planting corn earlier in the year increases the likelihood that plants will be exposed to harmful winter weather. Consequently, the potential damage from adverse weather can be just as harmful as the corn rootworms.

Finally, while crop rotation can be a reliable and cost-effective method of rootworm control, it is not without limitations. Rootworm eggs can remain dormant in the soil for up to two years, so even if a farmer alternates planting corn and soybeans, their corn crops might still be vulnerable to rootworms. Furthermore, there are other pests that can be a problem. There are some insects which are attracted to soybeans, but will also damage corn plants when soybeans are unavailable. So crop rotation may actually introduce new problems.

02.托福整合寫作範文 1 TOEFL WRITING TASK 1 SAMPLE ANSWER 1

問題：

Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they respond to the specific points made in the reading passage.（2023年11月真題）

👩‍🦱整合寫作美國老師滿分示範範文- 全文(字數:299字)

The reading passage explores the issue of a widespread type of insect called corn rootworms. Three methods are proposed in the reading to eliminate the problem of corn rootworm pests. Although they seem convincing and substantiated, the lecturer casts doubt on each one.

First, the reading passage suggests that by applying insecticide to crops and soil will kill the whole generation of pests. However, the lecturer argues that rootworms that survive will possibly build up residences to pesticides, which could be passed on to future generations of the corn rootworm. Thus, these future generations would be resistant to the insecticide. This directly refutes the claim made in the reading that insecticide is an effective method of pest control.

Second, the reading passage suggests planting corn crops earlier in the growing season can prevent larvae from consuming young corn roots. However, the speaker explains that planting crops earlier could possibly result in crop damage due to adverse weather conditions such as frost or cold weather. If this were to happen, then the damage from bad weather would be equal to or worse than the crop damage inflicted by the corn rootworm.

Last but not least, the lecturer states that crop rotation is not an effective way to resolve the problem either. It may not kill off corn rootworms because rootworm larvae have developed the ability to lay dormant in the soil for up to two years before hatching. So they may not hatch and starve to death, as the reading passage claims. In addition, planting other crops may attract other pests, making problems worse.

In conclusion, based on the strategies provided above, the professor in the lecture counters every point made in the reading passage. Although the arguments in the reading seem plausible, the speaker disproves them with solid reasoning.

👱‍♀️整合寫作滿分示範範文- 全文(字數:288字)

The reading passage explores the issue of how to decrease rootworms’ damage to crops, and several methods are provided. Although the argument seems convincing and substantiated, the lecturer casts doubts on it for the following reasons.

First, even though the reading passage suggests that using pesticides to kill rootworms as well as their eggs and larva is a fast and easy way to control pests, the lecturer argues that this method will not see long-term effects as the very few surviving rootworms can soon develop tolerance. He believes that through genetic mutation and reproduction, future rootworms can be fully resistant to pesticides. Therefore, the lecturer’s argument disproves its counterpart in the reading.

Second, the writer claims that planting crops ahead of the rootworm hatching and growing season will effectively limit the activity and survival of rootworms. Conversely, the speaker refutes the idea by explaining that changing the crop growing schedule can possibly cause even more serious losses than rootworms. For instance, the weather conditions prior to the actual crop growing season may damage or kill the corn plants.

Last but not least, the lecturer acutely identifies the weakness in the reading that crop rotation is far from flawless and may create new problems. He convincingly points out that rootworm eggs can stay inactive in the soil during the soybean season and hatch when corn returns. Moreover, he explains that soybean plants may bring new pests to the farm. As a result, crop rotation can complicate the situation and add to farmers’ trouble.

In conclusion, based on the evidence provided above, it can be clearly seen that stances on both sides are contradictory. Although the contents in the reading passage seem plausible, the speaker disproves them with solid reasoning.

03.托福獨立寫作真題 TOEFL WRITING TASK 2 QUESTION

學術討論寫作真題 題目(2023年11月真題)

問題：

Your professor is teaching a class on science technology. Write a post responding to the professor’s question.

In your response, you should do the following:
– Express and support your opinion.
– Make a contribution to the discussion in your own words.

An effective response will contain at least 100 words.

Doctor Gupta:

In the past, progresses in science and technology were generally slow. However, in recent decades, the pace of technological progress has dramatically accelerated, with new discoveries and inventions almost every day. Some argue that the rapid advancement of science and technology is beneficial for society as a whole and should be encouraged. Others believe that this progress is happening too quickly and may lead to serious issues. Which viewpoint do you agree with?

Claire (student 1):

The faster the discoveries, the better. For example, due to advancements in medicine, our lives are much better than those of our great-grandparents. Back then, life expectancy was significantly shorter due to a lack of medication, whereas today, drugs are affordable and accessible. Anyone with a severe illness hopes for rapid scientific progress.

Andrew (student 2):

Most people don’t have a say in the implementation of these new inventions, and that fact worries me. Just think about the widespread unemployment caused by the automation of many jobs: in this era of rapid technological change, it has become commonplace. People who lose their jobs may not believe that this progress is beneficial.

👩‍🦱學術討論寫作滿分示範範文1（字數：122字）

I agree with Claire’s viewpoint that encourages the advancement of technology. Rapid technological progress has significantly enhanced the quality of life across various domains.

Firstly, advancements in healthcare have revolutionized medical treatments and procedures. For instance, the development of vaccines and innovative medical therapies, particularly evident during the COVID-19 pandemic, has been instrumental in saving lives and improving health outcomes. Moreover, technological innovations have transformed communication channels, facilitating global connectivity and collaboration. Platforms such as social media, video conferencing, and online collaboration tools have transcended geographical boundaries, allowing individuals from diverse backgrounds to interact, exchange ideas, and collaborate on projects.

Hence, I firmly believe that embracing and encouraging technological progress is essential for the overall quality of life and prosperity of society.

學術討論寫作滿分示範範文2（字數：135字）

I agree with Andrew that widespread automation has led to many people losing their jobs. Additionally, I believe that the advancement of technology is causing a lot of insecurities among people.

Automation and artificial intelligence are causing job losses, especially for those in low-skilled or routine work, like in manufacturing and the gig economy. This instability in employment is widening the gap between the rich and the poor and making life harder for vulnerable groups. Moreover, rapid technological progress raises important ethical and social issues, contributing to insecurities. For instance, AI-driven surveillance technology invades people’s privacy and raises concerns about data usage. The collection and utilization of personal data by big tech companies also raise worries about data security and trust in online platforms.

Thus, rapid technological progress presents more challenges and risks than benefits.

學術討論寫作真題 2 題目(2023年11月真題)

問題：

Your professor is teaching a class on educational administration. Write a post responding to the professor’s question.
In your response, you should do the following.
– Express and support your opinion.
– Make a contribution to the discussion in your own words.
An effective response will contain at least 100 words.

Doctor Diaz:

Teachers often ask school administrators for permission to take their students on field trips (for example, to museums or historical buildings). Some school administrators provide funding and encouragement for teachers to organize educational trips for the entire class. Many believe that going on field trips is an important part of a child’s education; others think that a child’s time is better spent learning in a classroom at school. Which view do you agree with? Why?

Kelly (student 1):

Field trips are so demanding of a teacher’s time; I can understand why some people aren’t in favor of them. Teachers can’t just decide that it might be fun to take their class to an art museum. They must plan carefully to help children get the most out of that trip while not losing too much instructional time.

Paul (student 2):

Field trips can affect kids’ futures in important ways. One time I went on a field trip to a space museum when I was young. I even got to try on a space suit. That experience made me want to be an astronomer. I might not have developed my interest in astronomy without that field trip experience.

學術討論寫作滿分示範範文1（字數：169字）

I agree with Kelly that field trips are not the best use of time. This is because the primary goal of lower and middle education is to prepare students to enter college, and field trips do not meaningfully contribute towards this objective.

In my country, college admissions are based primarily on test scores. For this reason, teachers need to utilize every minute of instructional time to help students boost their test-taking abilities. Field trips consume a lot of time for students, not just in terms of the time at the destination, but also transportation. For example, for buses to take suburban students to a museum in the city center, at least half an hour is spent boarding the buses, forty-five minutes are taken up riding, and another thirty is lost organizing students after disembarking. Nearly two hours are lost which would have been better spent learning or reviewing material in the classroom.

Therefore, field trips are not the best use of time to achieve the goals of pre-university education.

學術討論寫作滿分示範範文2（字數：167字）

I agree with Paul that field trips are an essential component of a child’s education. To add to his point, I think that field trips play a vital role in enriching students’ educational experiences by providing hands-on learning opportunities, connecting classroom learning to real-world contexts, and fostering social and emotional development.

Field trips offer students exposure to real-world contexts, connecting classroom learning to the world outside. For instance, visiting historical sites or museums allows students to witness history come to life, enhancing their comprehension and retention of historical events and cultural significance. These experiences help students develop critical thinking skills and empathy by allowing them to see the world from different perspectives. Moreover, field trips promote social and emotional development by encouraging teamwork, communication, and adaptability. Interacting with peers and educators in novel environments fosters collaboration and builds interpersonal skills essential for success in diverse settings.

Therefore, I firmly advocate for the incorporation of field trips into educational curricula to enhance students’ holistic growth and learning outcomes.

學術討論寫作真題 3 題目(2023年11月真題)

問題：

Your professor is teaching a class on education. Write a post responding to the professor’s question.
In your response, you should do the following.
– Express and support your opinion.
– Make a contribution to the discussion in your own words.
An effective response will contain at least 100 words.

Doctor Gupta:

Let’s discuss how teachers’ job performance is assessed or evaluated. Regular evaluations of teachers help to ensure that students receive high-quality instruction, that good teachers are rewarded, and that struggling teachers receive help to improve. But what is the best way to evaluate teachers? Should teachers be evaluated based on their students’ test scores? Should more-experienced teachers evaluate less- experienced teachers? Should students’ feedback be considered? Which approach is best, and why?

Andrew (student 1):

I think experienced senior teachers are the best source of information for teacher evaluations. School leaders can assign experienced teachers to observe their fellow teachers periodically during class, and these senior teachers can then provide feedback on their colleagues’ performance. An experienced teacher has the knowledge to determine what other teachers are doing well and what needs improvement.

Kelly (student 2):

I’m not convinced that any one person’s occasional visits to a classroom would provide accurate information. I’d like a more objective, fairer source of data, so I’d prefer to rely on test scores to inform teacher evaluations. If all students take the same test, and some classes perform better than others, then we know which teachers have been most successful.

學術討論寫作滿分示範範文1（字數：171字）

Although Andrew’s perspective is interesting, I think that school administrators are in a better position to evaluate teacher performance. This is because they are specifically trained to carry out this task and it is part of their job.

When people train to become administrators, such as principals, they take courses that specifically address the question of how to evaluate teachers. For example, they might learn about various equally beneficial teaching styles; a fellow teacher might instead expect all teachers to match their own instructional methods. Furthermore, administrators expect to evaluate teachers as part of their normal job description, but teachers might feel that it is a distraction from their real work, which is to educate their students. For example, in a school I once worked at, the assistant principals would visit classrooms on a regular schedule. They had been trained in what to look for and afterwards gave constructive feedback that helped teachers perform better next time.

Thus, the best way to evaluate teachers is for school administrators to do it.

學術討論寫作滿分示範範文2（字數：203字）

Kelly mentioned that she thinks teachers should be evaluated based on student test scores, but I think that student surveys at the end of each course are a better way to determine a teacher’s performance. This is because surveys allow students to directly respond to questions about the desired information, while test scores can be strongly influenced by factors unrelated to the teacher.

Grades on exams do not always indicate an educator’s ability. For example, some classes of students might have extremely difficult tests from other classes that distract them from an exam. Another possibility is that one group of students started a class with a lower ability level; even if they learned a lot, it might not be visible in test scores. On the other hand, students are usually very aware of what makes a good teacher and will be willing to discuss this in an end-of-course survey. It might ask subjective questions like “What is your favorite thing about this teacher?” but can also include more fact-based questions, such as “In one week, how many hours is this teacher available to meet outside class?” Students’ honest answers will provide valuable insight.

Therefore, the best method for teacher evaluation is surveying students.

04.托福口說題型速覽 INTRODUCTION TO TOEFL SPEAKING QUESTIONS

👄托福口說部分總共有4題：

• 第1題➤獨立題型 ➤個人意見題
• 第2題➤整合題型 ➤校園情境題
• 第3題➤整合題型 ➤觀念例子題
• 第4題➤整合題型 ➤學術講課題

第1題 Speaking Task 1

題目中會提供兩個立場論述，請你擇一立場附理由解釋你的觀點，或是提供單一論點，請你附理由解釋自己同意或不同意。

看到題目➤準備 (15秒)➤口說回答 (45秒)

第2題 Speaking Task 2

題目中將提供一篇閱讀篇章(學生陳情信、校園公告等)，後播放一段聽力音檔，內容主要為2位學生的對話。閱讀以及聽完之後，考生須統整閱讀與聽力資訊作口說摘要。

閱讀 (45-50秒)➤聽力 (約1-1.5分)➤準備 (30秒)➤口說回答 (60秒)

第3題 Speaking Task 3

題目中將提供一篇閱讀篇章，內容主要為學術文章，後播放一段聽力音檔，內容主要為教授講課片對。閱讀以及聽完之後，考生須統整閱讀與聽力資訊作口說摘要。

閱讀 (45-50秒)➤聽力 (約1-1.5分)➤準備 (30秒)➤口說回答 (60秒)

第4題 Speaking Task 4

題目將播放一篇聽力音檔，內容主要為學術講課，聽完後考生須作口說摘要。

聽力 (約1-2分)➤準備 (20秒)➤口說回答 (60秒)

05.托福口說第1題真題與示範答案 TOEFL SPEAKING TASK 1 QUESTION, SAMPLE ANSWER

問題：

When studying abroad, some people like to live with roommates from their own home country or culture. Others prefer to live with people from different cultural backgrounds. Which do you prefer? Explain why. (2023年11月真題）

🎙口說第1題 示範答案音檔

口說第1題 示範答案 逐字稿

Personally, I prefer living with roommates from different countries when studying abroad for several reasons. Firstly, I think that living with roommates from different countries allows for a rich cultural exchange. For example, during my semester abroad in Spain, my roommate was from Japan. Through daily interactions, we shared our respective cultural practices, such as cuisine, traditions, and social norms. Secondly, I think it also provides an excellent opportunity for language learning. With my Japanese roommate, we’d switch between English, Japanese, and Spanish in our conversations. It was a fantastic way to sharpen my language skills while making lifelong connections. This is why I think so.

06.托福口說第2題真題 TOEFL SPEAKING TASK 2 QUESTION

口說第2題 真題(2023年11月真題)

閱讀題目 Reading

Limit on Number of Library Books
Currently, students can take out as many books from the library as they want. However, I propose implementing a cap of eight books per student at any given time. This will prevent students from checking out more books than they need. Sometimes, students take out additional books and never use them. In addition, this plan should help reduce the number of lost books each year. Students always struggle to keep track of a large number of library books, causing misplacements and losses. By implementing this, we promote responsible borrowing habits and preserve the integrity of the library’s collection.

聽力題目逐字稿 Conversation

Listen to a conversation between two students

A: Did you see Bill’s letter to the paper?

B: Yeah, but I don’t think it’s a good idea at all..

A: You think so? It made sense to me.

B: Not me. I mean, I take four, sometimes five classes a semester and I have to do research papers for almost all of them.

A: So you need a lot of books?

B: Of course! When you do research papers, you really need to read a lot about your subject from many different authors, so it’s good to be able to have a lot of books at home. I’ve checked out as many as twenty books at one time.

A: Yeah, come to think of it, one time I checked out more than twenty and I ended up using each one.

B: Right. I can’t think of a time when I took out a book that I didn’t use.

A: I guess. But don’t you think that this proposal would reduce the number of lost books.

B: Not at all. When students check out a lot of books at once, they usually keep them all together in one bag or in a stack on their desk. People aren’t likely to misplace a stack of ten or fifteen books.

B: But if they have just a few…

A: Exactly. People are more likely to lose one or two books than twelve.

06.托福口說第2題示範答案 TOEFL SPEAKING TASK 2 SAMPLE ANSWER

問題：

The student expresses his opinion of the announcement. State his opinion and explain the reasons he gives for holding that opinion.（2023年11月真題）

🎙口說第2題 示範答案音檔

口說第2題 示範答案逐字稿

The student’s letter proposes that the library should implement a limit of eight books per student at a time. The student in the listening disagrees with it for a couple of reasons. First, he thinks that it’s a terrible idea because when they are doing research, they will need to have a lot of books at home to read. For example, he takes five classes in a semester and sometimes borrows twenty books at a time. He does actually use all of them for research. Second, he says that a limit on the number of books you can check out would actually lead to more lost books, not less. When students check out a bunch of books at once, they keep them together in a big stack, so they are not easily misplaced. This is why he feels this way.

07.托福口說第3題真題 TOEFL SPEAKING TASK 3 QUESTION

口說第3題 真題(2023年11月真題)

閱讀題目 Reading

False Alarm Calls
One way that animals communicate with other members of their group is alarm calls. That is, the animals emit sounds or other signals that warn nearby members of danger in the area. Alarm calls promote the survival of the group by warning others of danger and allowing them to escape. However, sometimes alarm calls convey a deceptive message to other members of one group, a so-called “false alarm call.” These false alarm calls may frighten other members away from an area, thus reducing competition for food or mates.

聽力題目逐字稿 Lecture

Ok, so there’s a kind of monkey called the vervet monkey that research scientists have observed doing this in their natural habitat. Vervet monkeys normally move in groups to find food and whenever they find it, they share it, eat it together. Now, the researchers observing the monkeys saw that each time the monkeys were feeding in a group and a leopard approached, leopards prey on monkeys you know, whichever monkey saw the leopard first made a screeching noise. When the other monkeys heard the screeching noise, even if they didn’t see the leopard, they all scattered, running to climb the branches of nearby trees to be safe from the leopard. But one day as the researchers followed a group of monkeys that were looking for food, the monkeys came upon a bunch of fruit. As they settled down to eat the fruit, one monkey began screeching. The other monkeys scattered and ran for the trees. The researchers looked around for any sign of a leopard. They didn’t see any leopard in the area, but when they turned to look back at where the monkeys had been sitting before, getting ready to eat, they saw the monkey who’d been screeching standing there alone eating all the fruit.

07.托福口說第3題示範答案 TOEFL SPEAKING TASK 3 SAMPLE ANSWER

問題：

Using the example provided in the lecture, explain the concept of false alarm calls.（2023年11月真題）

🎙口說第3題 示範答案音檔

口說第3題 示範答案逐字稿

The reading passage discusses the concept of false alarm calls. Animals emit alarm signals that warn nearby members of danger in the area, but sometimes animals use alarm signals when there is no danger to reduce competition. The professor in the lecture provides a perfect example to illustrate this concept. The example is about vervet monkeys. When the monkeys are feeding in a group, leopards sometimes approach and prey on them. So, when the first monkey sees the leopard, it will make a screeching noise to tell the other monkeys to run away. However, one day when a researcher was observing a group of monkeys beginning to eat the fruit they had found, one monkey began to make the screeching sound. So, the other monkeys scattered and ran away. But there were no signs of leopards; instead, the monkey who made the screeching noise was standing there and eating all the fruit alone.

08.托福口說第4題真題 TOEFL SPEAKING TASK 4 QUESTION

聽力題目逐字稿 Listening

A product’s packaging, the container it’s stored and sold in, is actually a very important part of the product and its marketing, so companies spend a lot of time deciding what kind of packaging to use. Sometimes, after a company has been selling a product for a while, it may decide to change the product’s packaging. Let’s look at two reasons why a company would do this. One reason a company might change their products packaging is in response to new technology, like the invention of better materials. As technology improves, new materials are invented and better ways of packaging products may emerge. For instance, when milk was first being marketed in the United States, it was mostly sold in glass bottles, but this was expensive since glass costs a lot and is fragile. If you accidentally drop the glass bottle, it would break and make a mess. With the invention of plastic, however, a new material became available that was cheaper and more durable because plastic didn’t break as easily as glass. So some dairy companies started selling milk in plastic containers. Ok, another reason a company might change a product’s packaging is to better compete with other companies; to make the packaging more competitive with the packaging of other products. Sometimes this is done by changing the size of the package. So, back to our milk example. The bottles that milk were originally sold in were large. They were large containers, but now you also see milk being sold in small, portable containers that hold only single servings. Why this change to a smaller container? Well, other competing companies producing beverages like juices, teas, or soft drinks were selling them in smaller, more portable containers that people could take to work with them or drink in the car. So to compete, dairy companies also started selling milk in smaller, portable containers too.

08.托福口說第4題示範答案 TOEFL SPEAKING TASK 4 SAMPLE ANSWER

問題：

Using points and examples from the lecture, explain the reasons of product packaging.（2023年11月真題）

🎙口說第4題 示範答案音檔

口說第4題 示範答案逐字稿

The lecture explains that companies change the packaging of their products for two main reasons. First, companies may wish to make use of new technology. When new materials or technology come along, it can make packaging cheaper and more durable. For example, dairy companies started selling milk in plastic containers because they are less likely to break. Second, companies might change their packaging to keep up with their competitors. For example, when many drinks such as juice or soft drinks became available in smaller, portable containers, milk companies changed their packaging to match. This way, people could take milk with them to work or in their car.

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